Perception, action and cognition of football referees in extreme temperatures: Impact on decision performance

Journal article


Gaoua, N, de Oliveira, RF and Hunter, S (2017). Perception, action and cognition of football referees in extreme temperatures: Impact on decision performance. Frontiers in Psychology. 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01479
AuthorsGaoua, N, de Oliveira, RF and Hunter, S
Abstract

Different professional domains require high levels of physical performance alongside fast and accurate decision-making. Construction workers, police officers, firefighters, elite sports men and women, the military and emergency medical professionals are often exposed to hostile environments with limited options for behavioural coping strategies. In this (mini) review we use football refereeing as an example to discuss the combined effect of intense physical activity and extreme temperatures on decision-making and suggest an explicative model. In professional football competitions can be played in temperatures ranging from -5oC in Norway to 30oC in Spain for example. Despite these conditions, the referee’s responsibility is to consistently apply the laws fairly and uniformly, and to ensure the rules are followed without waning or adversely influencing the competitiveness of the play. However, strenuous exercise in extreme environments imposes increased physiological and psychological stress that can affect decision-making. Therefore, the physical exertion required to follow the game and the thermal strain from the extreme temperatures may hinder the ability of referees to make fast and accurate decisions. Here we review literature on the physical and cognitive requirements of football refereeing and how extreme temperatures may affect referees’ decisions. Research suggests that both hot and cold environments have a negative impact on decision-making but data specific to decision-making is still lacking. A theoretical model of decision-making under the constraint of intense physical activity and thermal stress is suggested. Future naturalistic studies are needed to validate this model and provide clear recommendations for mitigating strategies.

Keywordsfootball referee; decision-making; perception
Year2017
JournalFrontiers in Psychology
Journal citation8
PublisherFrontiers Media
ISSN1664-1078
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01479
Publication dates
Print29 Aug 2017
Publication process dates
Deposited29 Sep 2017
Accepted29 Aug 2017
Accepted author manuscript
License
File Access Level
Open
Additional information

© 2017 Gaoua, de Oliveira and Hunter. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Permalink -

https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/item/86y20

Download files


Accepted author manuscript
Referee review Revisied Manuscript.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Open

  • 167
    total views
  • 257
    total downloads
  • 4
    views this month
  • 6
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Coaches’ migration: decisions and perceived importance of international experience
Borges, M., Rosado, A. and De Oliveira, R. (2024). Coaches’ migration: decisions and perceived importance of international experience. Migration and Diversity. 3 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.33182/md.v3i1.3121
Perspectives on the cross-cultural challenges and coping strategies of sport coaches 
Urgun, D., Borges, M., De Oliveira, R. and Vangeli, E. (2023). Perspectives on the cross-cultural challenges and coping strategies of sport coaches . British Psychological Society Division of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2023 Annual Conference. Edinburgh 28 - 29 Nov 2023
Editorial: How do extreme environments influence psychological functioning for performance?
Coudevylle, G.R., Gaoua, N., Mündel, T. and Cheung, S.S. (2023). Editorial: How do extreme environments influence psychological functioning for performance? Frontiers in Psychology. 13, p. 1094998. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1094998
The cross-cultural training needs of football coaches
Borges, M., Rosado, A., Lobinger, B., Freitas, F. and De Oliveira, R. (2023). The cross-cultural training needs of football coaches. International Sport Coaching Journal. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2022-0018
Coaches’ cultural intelligence: How do coaches rate themselves and what are their cultural training needs?
Borges, M., Rosado, A., Lobinger, B., Freitas, F. and De Oliveira, R. (2022). Coaches’ cultural intelligence: How do coaches rate themselves and what are their cultural training needs? FEPSAC 2022 - 16th European Congress of Sport & Exercise Psychology. Padova - Italy 11 - 16 Jul 2022
Perceptual-motor recalibration is intact in older adults
Brand, M. and De Oliveira, R. (2022). Perceptual-motor recalibration is intact in older adults. Human Movement Science. 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2022.103047
Visual perception in dynamic far aiming
De Oliveira, R. (2022). Visual perception in dynamic far aiming. XXIII Jornadas de Psicologia do Desporto. Maia, Portugal Edicoes ISMAI.
Coaches’ Immigration to the United Kingdom: What do Foreign and Native Coaches think about migration
Sain, A., Borges, M. and De Oliveira, R. (2022). Coaches’ Immigration to the United Kingdom: What do Foreign and Native Coaches think about migration. Sociología del Deporte. 3 (1), pp. 13-26. https://doi.org/10.46661/socioldeporte.6430
The Type of Per-Cooling Strategies Currently Employed by Competitive and Professional Cyclists-Triathletes During Training and Competition Are Condition (Dry vs. Humid) Dependant
Bayne, F., Racinais, S., Mileva, K.N., Hunter, S. and Gaoua, N. (2022). The Type of Per-Cooling Strategies Currently Employed by Competitive and Professional Cyclists-Triathletes During Training and Competition Are Condition (Dry vs. Humid) Dependant. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4, p. 845427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.845427
Integrated multi-omics of the gut microbiome: assessing the beneficial effects of fermented foods to human health
Bester, A., Toribio-Mateas, M., Mileva, K. and Gaoua, N. (2022). Integrated multi-omics of the gut microbiome: assessing the beneficial effects of fermented foods to human health. Exploring Human Host-Microbiome Interactions in Health and Disease. Hinxton, Cambridge 05 - 07 Dec 2018 Wellcome Connecting Science Courses and Conferences. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10244.58246
Cultural intelligence in sport: An examination of football coaches’ cross-cultural training needs
Borges, M., Rosado, A., Lobinger, B., Freitas, F and De Oliveira, R. (2022). Cultural intelligence in sport: An examination of football coaches’ cross-cultural training needs. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-022-00825-y
Accuracy of peak nasal flow to determine nasal obstruction in patients with allergic rhinitis.
de Oliveira, G.M.M., Correia Júnior, M. A.de V., Costa, E.C., Lira, G. V. de A. G., Rizzo, J. Â., Hunter, S., Gaoua, N. and Sarinho, E.S. C. (2022). Accuracy of peak nasal flow to determine nasal obstruction in patients with allergic rhinitis. Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale. 42 (2), pp. 155-161. https://doi.org/10.14639/0392-100X-N1617
Ventilation rates achieved in eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction diagnosis in young patients with asthma
Rizzo, J.A., de Barros Albuquerque, L.C.B, Medeiros, D., de Albuquerque C.G, Filho, E.A.R, de Moura Santos M.A, Hunter, S., Gaoua, N. and de Valois Correia Jr, M.A. (2022). Ventilation rates achieved in eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction diagnosis in young patients with asthma. Lung. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-022-00519-0
Switch rates vary due to expected payoff but not due to individual risk tendency.
Broeker, L., Johnson, J.G., de Oliveira, R.F., Ewolds, H.E., Künzell, S. and Raab, M. (2022). Switch rates vary due to expected payoff but not due to individual risk tendency. Acta psychologica. 224, p. 103521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103521
Effects of living and working in a hot environment on cognitive function in a quiet and temperature-controlled room: An oil and gas industry study
Girard, O., Gaoua, Nadia, Grantham, Justin, Knez, Wade, Walsh, Andrew and Racinais, S. (2021). Effects of living and working in a hot environment on cognitive function in a quiet and temperature-controlled room: An oil and gas industry study. Temperature. 8 (4), pp. 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2021.1959289
What makes young people get involved with street gangs in London? A study of the perceived risk factors
Annan, L., Gaoua, N., Mileva, K. and Borges, M. (2021). What makes young people get involved with street gangs in London? A study of the perceived risk factors. Journal of Community Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22767
The impact of predictability on dual-task performance and implications for resource-sharing accounts.
Broeker, L., Ewolds, Harald, de Oliveira, Rita F, Künzell, Stefan and Raab, Markus (2021). The impact of predictability on dual-task performance and implications for resource-sharing accounts. Cognitive research: principles and implications. 6 (1), p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00267-w
This Girl Can, can't she? Perspectives from exercise providers and participants on what factors influence participation  
Hull, R., Zaidell, L., Mileva, K. and De Oliveira, R. (2021). This Girl Can, can't she? Perspectives from exercise providers and participants on what factors influence participation  . Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 57, p. 102043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102043
Acute psycho-physiological responses to perceptually regulated hypoxic and normoxic interval walks in overweight-to-obese adults
Hobbins, L., Girard, O., Gaoua, N. and Hunter, S. (2021). Acute psycho-physiological responses to perceptually regulated hypoxic and normoxic interval walks in overweight-to-obese adults. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 24 (5), pp. 481-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.011
Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults.
Hobbins, L., Hunter, S., Gaoua, N. and Girard, O. (2021). Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults. Journal of sports science & medicine. 20 (1), pp. 45-51. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.45
Ways to Improve Multitasking: Effects of Predictability after Single- and Dual-Task Training.
Ewolds, H., Broeker, L., de Oliveira, R.F., Raab, M. and Künzell, S. (2021). Ways to Improve Multitasking: Effects of Predictability after Single- and Dual-Task Training. Journal of Cognition. 4 (1), p. 4. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.142
Additive Effects of Prior Knowledge and Predictive Visual Information in Improving Continuous Tracking Performance.
Broeker, L., Ewolds, H., de Oliveira, Rita F, Künzell, S. and Raab, Markus (2020). Additive Effects of Prior Knowledge and Predictive Visual Information in Improving Continuous Tracking Performance. Journal of Cognition. 3 (1), p. 40. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.130
Less Is More—Cyclists-Triathlete’s 30 min Cycling Time-Trial Performance Is Impaired With Multiple Feedback Compared to a Single Feedback
Bayne, F., Racinais, Sebastien, Mileva, Katya, Hunter, Steve and Gaoua, Nadia (2020). Less Is More—Cyclists-Triathlete’s 30 min Cycling Time-Trial Performance Is Impaired With Multiple Feedback Compared to a Single Feedback. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, p. 608426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608426
Portuguese football coaches’ migration: Patterns and networks in 2009-2013
Borges, M., Freitas, F., Rosado, A. and De Oliveira, R. (2020). Portuguese football coaches’ migration: Patterns and networks in 2009-2013. Sociología del Deporte. 1 (2), pp. 37-48. https://doi.org/10.46661/socioldeporte.5098
Sleep and psychological factors are associated with meeting discharge criteria to return to sport following ACL reconstruction in athletes
Khalladi, K, Abdulaziz, Fa, Sas, B, Chtourou, H, Bouras, R, Racinais, S, Souissi, S, Gaoua, N, Chamari, K and El Massioui, F (2020). Sleep and psychological factors are associated with meeting discharge criteria to return to sport following ACL reconstruction in athletes. Biology of Sport. 38 (3), pp. 305-313. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.99704
No impact of instructions and feedback on task integration in motor learning
Ewolds, H, Broeker, L, De Oliveira, Rita, Raab, M and Kunzell, S (2020). No impact of instructions and feedback on task integration in motor learning. Memory & Cognition. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01094-6
Running mechanics adjustments to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia
Li, S.N., Hobbins, L., Morin, J-B., Ryu, J.H., Gaoua, N., Hunter, S. and Girard, O. (2020). Running mechanics adjustments to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23 (11), pp. 1111-1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.001
Acute Psychophysiological Responses to Cyclic Variation of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure in Adults with Obesity
Hobbins, L, Girard, O, Gaoua, N and Hunter, S (2019). Acute Psychophysiological Responses to Cyclic Variation of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure in Adults with Obesity. High Altitude Medicine and Biology. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2019.0002
Psycho-physiological responses to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia
Hobbins, L, Gaoua, N, Hunter, S and Girard, O (2019). Psycho-physiological responses to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia. Physiology and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112611
Effect of passive hyperthermia on working memory resources during simple and complex cognitive tasks
Gaoua, N, Herrera, CP, Periard, JD, El massioui, F and Racinais, S (2018). Effect of passive hyperthermia on working memory resources during simple and complex cognitive tasks. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02290
The Association between Obesity and Cognitive Function in Otherwise Healthy Premenopausal Arab Women
Farooq, A, Gibson, A-M, Reilly, J and Gaoua, N (2018). The Association between Obesity and Cognitive Function in Otherwise Healthy Premenopausal Arab Women. Journal of Obesity. p. 1741962. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1741962
Preface to the Special Issue: 50 years of FEPSAC
Elbe, A-M, Bertollo, M, Debois, N, De Oliveira, R, Fritsch, J, Hatzigeorgiadis, A, Moesch, K, Raab, M, Sanchez, X and Vaisetaite, L (2018). Preface to the Special Issue: 50 years of FEPSAC. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 42, pp. 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.009
Effect of Cold on Proprioception and Cognitive Function in Elite Alpine Skiers
Gaoua, N (2017). Effect of Cold on Proprioception and Cognitive Function in Elite Alpine Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 12 (1), pp. 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0002
Task Integration Facilitates Multitasking
de Oliveira, RF, Raab, M, Hegele, M and Schorer, J (2017). Task Integration Facilitates Multitasking. Frontiers in Psychology. 8, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00398
Normobaric hypoxic conditioning to maximise weight-loss and ameliorate cardio-metabolic health in obese populations: A systematic review.
Hobbins, L, Hunter, S, Gaoua, N and Girard, O (2017). Normobaric hypoxic conditioning to maximise weight-loss and ameliorate cardio-metabolic health in obese populations: A systematic review. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 313 (3), pp. R251-R264. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00160.2017
Heat acclimation has a protective effect on the central but not peripheral nervous system
Racinais, S, Wilson, MG, Gaoua, N and Periard, JP (2017). Heat acclimation has a protective effect on the central but not peripheral nervous system. Journal of Applied Physiology. 123 (4), pp. 816-824. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00430.2017
The organisation of working memory networks is shaped by early sensory experience
Cardin, V, Rudner, M, de Oliveira, RF, Andin, J, Beese, L, Woll, B and Rönnberg, J (2017). The organisation of working memory networks is shaped by early sensory experience. Cerebral Cortex. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx222
Multitasking as a choice: a perspective
Broeker, L, Liepelt, R, Poljac, E, Künzell, S, Ewolds, H, de Oliveira, RF and Raab, M (2017). Multitasking as a choice: a perspective. Psychological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0938-7
Recalibration in functional perceptual-motor tasks: A systematic review.
Brand, MT and de Oliveira, RF (2017). Recalibration in functional perceptual-motor tasks: A systematic review. Human Movement Science. 56 (Pt B), pp. 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.020
Implicit and explicit knowledge both improve dual task performance in a continuous pursuit tracking task
Ewolds, H, Broeker, L, de Oliveira, RF, Raab, M and Künzell, S (2017). Implicit and explicit knowledge both improve dual task performance in a continuous pursuit tracking task. Frontiers in Psychology. 8, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02241
Body-scaled information for affordances in a virtual environment
de Oliveira, RF, Coelho, T and Rybarczyk, Y (2016). Body-scaled information for affordances in a virtual environment. XXI National Congress of the Italian Association of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Bologna, Italy 27 - 29 May 2016
Optimal use of visual information in adolescents and young adults with developmental coordination disorder
De Oliveira, R., Billington, J. and Wann, J.P. (2014). Optimal use of visual information in adolescents and young adults with developmental coordination disorder. Experimental Brain Research. 232, pp. 2989-2995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3983-0
An adaptive toolbox approach to the route to expertise in sport.
de Oliveira, RF, Lobinger, B and Raab, M (2014). An adaptive toolbox approach to the route to expertise in sport. Frontiers in Psychology. 5, p. 709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00709
Coaches’ migration: a qualitative analysis of recruitment, motivations and experiences
Borges, M, Rosado, A, de Oliveira, RF and Freitas, F (2014). Coaches’ migration: a qualitative analysis of recruitment, motivations and experiences. Leisure Studies. 34 (5), pp. 588-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.939988
Effect of avatars and viewpoints on performance in virtual world: efficiency vs. telepresence
Rybarczyk, Y, Coelho, T, Cardoso, T and de Oliveira, RF (2014). Effect of avatars and viewpoints on performance in virtual world: efficiency vs. telepresence. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Creative Technologies. 14 (1), pp. 1 - 12. https://doi.org/10.4108/ct.1.1.e4
Visual perception for basketball shooting
De Oliveira, R. (2007). Visual perception for basketball shooting. PhD Thesis Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Faculty of Human Movement Sciences